Moral distress experienced by online suicide prevention volunteers: qualitative research / La angustia moral experimentada por los voluntarios de la prevención del suicidio en línea: investigación cualitativa / Stress moral experimentado por voluntários de prevenção de suicídio online

Abstract: Background: With the increasing number of internet users, it becomes feasible to identify individuals at high risk of suicide and then carry out online suicide prevention. At the same time, online suicide prevention volunteers may encounter moral distress, which requires more attention. Purpose: This study aimed to explore the experience of moral distress in online suicide prevention. Method: The study was carried out as a qualitative study following the method of phenomenology. 11 interviewers were recruited through the purposive sampling method. Data were collected through semi-structured, in-depth face-to-face interviews. Colaizzi's phenomenological framework was used for data analysis. Results: All participants reported they encountered moral distress during online suicide prevention. Four themes were condensed, including: "constraints from the surrounding," "be cruel to be kind," "baby spoiled by free milk," and "when face death and depression" Participants also described their emotional experiences and response when they encountered moral distress. Conclusion: Moral distress in the process of online suicide prevention exists. More attention should be paid to the moral distress and ethical issues in online suicide prevention as the internet gradually becomes a brand-new way to prevent suicide.

Resumen: Antecedentes: Con el creciente número de usuarios de Internet, es posible identificar a las personas con alto riesgo de suicidio y llevar a cabo la prevención del suicidio en línea. Al mismo tiempo, los voluntarios de esta prevención pueden encontrarse con angustia moral, lo que requiere más atención. Objetivo: Este estudio tiene como objetivo explorar la experiencia de la angustia moral en la prevención del suicidio en línea. Método: El estudio se llevó a cabo como un estudio cualitativo siguiendo el método de la fenomenología. Se reclutó a 11 entrevistadores mediante el método de muestreo intencional. Los datos se recogieron mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas y en profundidad, cara a cara. Se utilizó el marco fenomenológico de Colaizzi para el análisis de los datos. Resultados: Todos los participantes informaron que habían encontrado angustia moral durante la prevención del suicidio en línea. Se condensaron cuatro temas, a saber: "limitaciones del entorno", "ser cruel para ser amable", "bebé mimado por la leche gratis" y "cuando se enfrenta a la muerte y la depresión". Los participantes también describieron sus experiencias emocionales y su respuesta cuando se encontraron con la angustia moral. Conclusión: La angustia moral en este proceso existe. Hay que prestar más atención a la angustia moral y a las cuestiones éticas en la prevención del suicidio en línea, ya que Internet se convierte gradualmente en una nueva forma de prevenir el suicidio.

Resumo: Antecedentes: Com o crescente número de usuário de internet, torna-se viável identificar indivíduos com alto risco de suicídio e então conduzir prevenção de suicídio online. Ao mesmo tempo, voluntários de prevenção de suicídio online podem enfrentar stress moral, o qual requer mais atenção. Proposta: Esse estudo objetiva explorar a experiência de stress moral em prevenção de suicídio online. Método: O estudo foi conduzido como um estudo qualitativo seguindo o método da fenomenologia. Foram recrutados 11 entrevistados do método de amostragem intencional. Foram coletados dados através de entrevistas face a face, semiestruturadas e em profundidade. O referencial fenomenológico de Colaizzi foi utilizado para análise dos dados. Resultados: Todos os participantes relataram terem experimentado stress moral durante a prevenção de suicídio online. Quatro temas foram condensados: "limitações do ambiente", "ser cruel para ser gentil", "bebê mimado com leite gratuito" e "quando encarando a morte e a depressão". Os participantes também descreveram suas experiências emocionais e respostas quando enfrentaram stress moral. Conclusão: Stress moral no processo de prevenção de suicídio online existe. Mais atenção deve ser dada ao stress moral e aspectos éticos em prevenção de suicídio online na medida em que a internet se torna gradualmente uma maneira totalmente nova de prevenção de suicídio.

Entrenamiento de voluntarios en Primera Ayuda Psicológica y estrategias de afrontamiento / Training of Volunteers in Psychological First Aid and Coping Strategies

Resumen. Objetivo. Analizar la eficacia del personal voluntario y profesional que asiste en emergencias (Bomberos Voluntarios, Defensa Civil, Cruz Roja) en un programa de entrenamiento en la Primera Ayuda Psicológica y su relación con indicadores de empatía y estrategias de afrontamiento. Método. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, comparativo correlacional, con una muestra de 198 voluntarios que pertenecen a instituciones que intervienen en emergencias. Se utilizó un programa de simulación sobre respuestas a víctimas de catástrofes (Sistema Interactivo de Primera Ayuda Psicológica y el Inventario de Valoración y Afrontamiento). Resultados. Los voluntarios que expresan que manejan mejor una situación estresante lograban un rendimiento más eficaz en el programa de simulación. La valoración del contexto como amenazante o indiferente, perjudicaba la ejecución del protocolo de PAP propuesto en la ejercitación mediante software.

Abstract. Objective. To analyze the effectiveness of volunteer and professional personnel who assist in emergencies (Volunteer Firefighters, Civil Defense, Red Cross) in a Psychological First Aid training program and its relationship with indicators of empathy and coping strategies. Method. A quantitative, comparative, and co-relational study was carried out with a sample of 198 volunteers belonging to institutions that intervene in emergencies. A simulation program on responses to victims of catastrophes was used, Interactive System in Psychological First Aid and the Coping Strategies Inventory. Results. Volunteers, who state that handle better stressful situations, achieve a more effective performance in the simulation program. The assessment of the context as threatening or indifferent impaired the execution of the proposed PFA protocol using software.

Investigation of mental health among hospital workers in the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The rapid spread of the COVID-19 epidemic has led to extraordinary measures taken worldwide, and has led to serious psychological disorders. Healthcare professionals face greater severity of stress burden, due both to their direct contact with patients with the virus and to the isolation dimension of this outbreak. OBJECTIVE: To examine psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression and sleep disorders among healthcare professionals working in an emergency department and a COVID-19 clinic. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study including healthcare professionals in the emergency department and other units serving patients with COVID-19, of a training and research hospital in Turkey. METHODS: 210 volunteers, including 105 healthcare professionals in the emergency department and 105 healthcare professionals working in other departments rendering services for COVID-19 patients, were included in this study. A sociodemographic data form and the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HAD), Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), World Health Organization Quality of Life scale (WHOQOL-BREF-TR) and Religious Orientation Scale were applied to the volunteers. RESULTS: The perceived stress levels and PSQI subscores were found to be significantly higher among the volunteers working in the emergency department than among those in other departments. The risk of development of anxiety among women was 16.6 times higher than among men. CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare professionals on the frontline need systematic regular psychosocial support mechanisms. Anxiety due to fear of infecting family members can be prevented through precautions such as isolation. However, it should be remembered that loneliness and feelings of missing family members consequent to isolation may increase the risk of depression.

Validation of a scale to evaluate the abusive use of technologies (Computer, cell phone, tablet, among others)

BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Daily, prolonged interactivity of individuals with technologies (computer, cell phone, tablet, among others) impacts life and significantly changes habits, behaviors, personal and social relationships. Technologies lead to a multitude of advantages, but attention is required concerning possible damages. OBJECTIVE: Validation of a scale to evaluate the abuse use of technologies (TAUS). METHOD: TAUS validation was carried out in 5 phases: (1) initial scale construction with 20 questions, (2) expert evaluation, (3) application to 200 volunteers, (4) statistical analysis and results, (5) preparation of the final version of the validated TAUS. We used the R statistical program and the "dplyr" package version 3.4.2 to present descriptive statistics, to test hypotheses of means differences and for factorial analysis. Factor analysis was used for the orthogonal model. The method used was Principal Components based on Spearman's correlation matrix. RESULTS: The results provided a final, validated version of a TAUS suitable for clinical and research contexts. The last step of the study was to calculate Cronbach's alpha, in order to measure the internal consistency of the scale. The value found was 0.910, which is considered good. CONCLUSIONS: This Technology Abuse Scale may contribute to future studies, to the conscious use of technologies, to a reduction of physical and emotional damage and to an improvement of the subjects' quality of life.

Validation of a Scale to evaluate Pathological Digital Game Dependence

BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Digital game or video game disorders have been recently (June 2018) included in ICD-11 (International Classification of Diseases) by the World Health Organization (WHO). The disorder can occur with or without an internet connection. OBJECTIVE: Validation of a scale to evaluate the dependence of pathological digital game (PDGD). METHOD: Validation of the PDGD was performed in 5 phases: (1) initial scale construction with 20 questions, (2) expert assessment, (3) application to 200 volunteers, (4) statistical analysis and production of results using statistical programs, (5) elaboration of the final validated scale. RESULTS: We used the R statistical program Version 3.4.2 and the "dplyr" package to present the descriptive statistics, the hypotheses tests of differences of means and the factorial analysis. The last step was to calculate Cronbach's alpha, in order to measure the internal consistency of the questionnaire. The value found was 0.955, which is very good. CONCLUSIONS: This research allowed us to construct a final version of the PDGD suitable for the clinical contexts and usable in research on the dependence of digital games. This scale may contribute to future studies, conscious use of technologies, reduction of physical and emotional damage and improvement of the quality of life.

Scale validation to evaluate WhatsApp dependence (WADS)

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND INFORMATION: One of the most popular social networks is WhatsApp. Abusive use of this tool has produced significant changes in behavioral and social behaviors and habits of individuals. Therefore, research is needed to allow us to specifically evaluate the interaction of WhatsApp with the daily lives of individuals. OBJECTIVE: Production and validation of a scale to evaluate WhatsApp dependence (WADS). METHODS: Validation performed in 5 phases: 1- initial scale construction with 20 questions, 2- expert evaluation, 3- application in volunteers, 4- statistical analysis and results, and 5- elaboration of the final version of the validated WADS. RESULTS: We obtained a descriptive statistical analysis, a clear-cut separation of dependents vs. non-dependents and a successful factorial analysis. These results provided a validated version of WADS. CONCLUSIONS: We were able to construct a final version of WADS adequate to clinical contexts and to be used in future research to evaluate dependence of this digital tool. WADS will contribute to the conscious use of WhatsApp, hopefully reducing harmful effects and improving quality of life.

Validation of a scale to assess Facebook dependence

BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Facebook is a social network that has become part of the everyday life of contemporary humanity and is notably the most accessed digital tool, worldwide; through it, one can simultaneously relate to millions of people, as a source of information, communication or entertainment. OBJECTIVE: To produce and validate a scale to evaluate Facebook dependence (FDS). METHOD: Validation was performed in 5 phases: 1- initial scale construction with 20 questions, 2- expert evaluation, 3- application in 200 volunteers, 4- statistical analysis and results, and 5- elaboration of the final 18-question validated version of FDS. RESULTS: We obtained a descriptive statistical analysis, a clear-cut separation of dependents vs. non-dependents and a successful factorial analysis. These results provided a validated version of FDS. CONCLUSIONS: We were able to construct the validated final version of FDS with 18 questions appropriate to the clinical contexts and to be used in conducting research on Facebook dependence. This scale will contribute to future research related to this specific digital dependence, hopefully reducing harmful effects and improving quality of life.

Validation of the scale to evaluate physical damages related to the Abusive Use of Technology in daily life (PDAUTS)

BACKGROUND INFORMATION: New computer technologies, namely smart cellphones and tablets, among others, interacting along the daily life of individuals may contribute toward the rise of problems: depression, stress and physical damage (undue postures, upper and lower extremity disorders, vision problems, obesity), all of them related to excessive time spent on technological equipment; together with inadequate furniture, quality of life can be seriously affected. OBJECTIVE: To validate a scale to evaluate physical damage related to the Abusive Use of Technology (PDAUTS) in daily life. METHODS: Validation of the PDAUTS was performed through 5 phases: (1) initial scale construction with 20 questions; (2) expert evaluation of questions; (3) application to 200 volunteers; (4) statistical analysis of the results; (5) preparation of the final validated version, retaining the 20 questions. RESULTS: We used the R statistical program, version 3.4.2 and the "dplyr" package to present the descriptive statistics, the hypothesis tests of mean differences and the factor analysis. The results provided a validated final version for PDAUTS. The last step of the study was to calculate Cronbach's alpha parameter, in order to measure the internal consistency of the scale. The value found was 0.897, which in is considered very good. CONCLUSION: The validated PDAUTS allowed us to evaluate physical damage in each subject and design adequate training and treatment programs, reducing overall impairments and contributing to the improvement in quality of life.

O trabalho voluntário na pastoral da criança na terceira idade: repercussões pessoais / Trabajo voluntario en la pastoral da criança en la tercera edad: impacto personal / Voluntary work in pastoral da criança at the third age: a personal impact

Objective: analyzing the personal repercussions of volunteer work for the elderly in Pastoral da Criança. Method: a descriptive, exploratory study, with a qualitative approach. 12 elderly were interviewed between May to July 2014, with the aid of a semistructured script. The reports were transcribed and there was proceeded the thematic analysis of content. Results: after analysis there were formed the following thematic categories: The Pastoral da Criança is a learning environment for volunteers and families served;The volunteers have feelings of personal and social satisfaction; The Pastoral da Criança allows and encourages the social conviviality; Volunteer work resignifies the life and transforms the ageing process. Conclusions: the work at Pastoral da Criança is perceived by older people as very important, because it promotes an environment of social conviviality among all age groups. Nursing, especially in basic attention, must be open and attentive to the benefits of volunteering in the third age.

Objetivo: analisar as repercussões pessoais do trabalho voluntário de idosos na Pastoral da Criança.Método: estudo descritivo exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa. Foram entrevistadas 12 idosas, no período de maio a julho de 2014, com auxílio de roteiro semiestruturado. Os relatos foram transcritos e procedeu-se à análise temática de conteúdo. Resultados: após análise formaram-se as seguintes categorias temáticas: A Pastoral da Criança é um ambiente de aprendizado para voluntárias e famílias atendidas; As voluntárias possuem sentimentos de satisfação pessoal e social; A Pastoral da Criança permite e estimula o convívio social; O trabalho voluntário ressignifica a vida e transforma o processo de envelhecimento. Conclusões: o trabalho na Pastoral da Criança é percebido pelos idosos como muito importante, pois promove um ambiente de convívio social entre todas as faixas etárias. A enfermagem, em especial a que atua na atenção básica, deve estar atenta e aberta aos benefícios do voluntariado à terceira idade.

Objetivo: analizar las repercusiones personales del trabajo voluntario de ancianos en la Pastoral da Criança. Método: un estudio descriptivo, exploratorio, con un enfoque cualitativo. 12 ancianos fueron entrevistados, en el período comprendido entre mayo y julio de 2014, con la ayuda de la hoja de ruta semiestructurada. Los relatos fueron transcritos y procedió al análisis temático de contenido. Resultados: después del análisis ha formado las siguientes categorías temáticas: La Pastoral da Criança es un entorno de aprendizaje para los voluntarios y las familias servidas; Las voluntarias tienen sentimientos de satisfacción personal y social; La Pastoral da Criança permite y fomenta la convivencia social; El trabajo voluntario resignifica la vida y transforma el proceso de envejecimiento. Conclusiones: el trabajo de la Pastoral da Criança es percibido por las personas mayores como muy importante porque promueve un ambiente de convivencia social entre todos los grupos etarios. Enfermería, especialmente en la atención básica, debe estar abierta y atenta a los beneficios del voluntariado en la tercera edad.

O voluntariado como valor - perspectiva histórica e percepção de gestores voluntários e contratados de uma organização não governamental - ONG AIDS / Volunteering as a value historical perspective and perception of voluntary and employed managers in a non-governmental organization AIDS NGO

Destaca o voluntariado como valor por seu papel na construção da cidadania. Estimulado e desenvolvido no contexto de organizações com finalidade publica, o voluntariado pode ser compreendido como um valor organizacional, sendo tema de especial importância para gestores enquanto pessoas estratégicas na preservação ou criação de valores. A Casa de Assistência Filadélfia CAF, objeto deste estudo, é uma ONG AIDS com mais de 20 anos. Formada a partir da iniciativa voluntária, ela é representativa por seu contingente de voluntários, pelo volume de ações voluntárias e pela composição de sua liderança, formada por gestores voluntários e contratados. Objetivos contextualizar o voluntariado como prática social e o valor a ele atribuído em diferentes momentos históricos; caracterizar o voluntariado enquanto valor na perspectiva da gestão organizacional; identificar a percepção de gestores voluntários e contratados na ONG CAF. Procedimentos metodológicos-. Foram realizadas pesquisas bibliográfica, documental e qualitativa com Estudo de Caso, sendo a coleta de dados feita a partir de análise documental e entrevistas com gestores voluntários e contratados. Para a análise de dados, foram utilizadas quatro categorias: relevância histórica, singularidade identitária, evidência nas práticas e legado de liderança. Resultados Considerando que um valor é algo essencial, foi realizado um levantamento das principais bases filosóficas que têm fundamentado a prática do voluntariado dentro da cultura atual. Para entender o voluntariado dentro do contexto...

Highlights volunteering as value for its role in the building of citizenship. Stimulated and developed in the context of organizations with a public purpose, volunteering can be understood as an organizational value, and is a subject of special importance to managers as strategic people in the preservation and creation of value. Casa de Assistência Filadélfia CAF, object of this study, is an AIDS NGO with more than 20 years of experience. Founded by voluntary initiative, it is representative as a case study for its number of volunteers, the volume of voluntary actions, and for the composition of its leadership - formed by voluntary and employed managers. Objectives: To put into context volunteering as a social practice and the value given to it in different historical periods; To characterize volunteering as a value in the perspective of organizational management; To identify the perception of voluntary and employed managers of volunteering as value in the NGO CAF. Methodological Procedures A Bibliographical and documental research and qualitative methodology with Case Study was used where data was collected by documental analyses and interviews with voluntary and employed managers. The data was based on documental analyses and interviews with voluntary managers and employed managers. The data was classified within four categories of analysis: historic significance, singularity of identity, evidence of organizational practices and leadership legacy. Results - Starting with the understanding that a value is an essential element, a survey...

Frequency and causes for exclusion from randomization of healthy volunteers screened for a phase 1 study in India.

Background. Only a proportion of screened potential participants were actually randomized while conducting a phase 1 study of a humanized rabies monoclonal antibody. We aimed to assess the challenges in defining who is a normal volunteer and the issues that affect volunteer recruitment and thus accrual. Methods. One hundred and fifty-six volunteers were screened and 74 (47.4%) were randomized in a phase 1 study. Data on all participants screened for the study were analysed and reasons for their non-randomization were classified. Results. The reasons for volunteers not being randomized were: (i) deranged laboratory parameters (n=62); (ii) nonlaboratory causes (n=4); and (iii) withdrawal of consent (n=16). A large proportion of screen failures were due to low haemoglobin levels, which led to the protocol being amended midway during the study. An informal interview of those who declined consent showed that they had only wanted to get themselves investigated thoroughly or were interested in getting their HIV status evaluated. Conclusions. Our study shows that <50% participants screened for a phase 1 study in a developing country actually get randomized. The main reason for non-randomization is abnormal laboratory tests. This may help investigators and sponsors to plan protocols better, define normal ranges with acceptable variations based on their own populations a priori and have more pragmatic accrual targets.

Evidências de validade de uma versão brasileira do Inventário de Funções do Voluntariado - IFV / Evidence of validity of a Brazilian version of the Volunteer Functions Inventory - VFI

Entender os motivos que levam o indivíduo a iniciar e manter-se no voluntariado pode contribuir para o recrutamento de novos voluntários e para a retenção no serviço de pessoas já engajadas, pois permite aproximar os objetivos individuais de potenciais voluntários das exigências e benefícios associados às oportunidades concretas de ajuda que o ambiente proporciona. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos adaptar e validar para o Brasil o Inventário de Funções do Voluntariado (IFV) e correlacionar o IFV com a versão reduzida do Questionário de Perfis de Valores (QPV21). Além de corroborar a validade convergente entre estes dois instrumentos, os resultados indicaram que as motivações dos 319 participantes agregaram-se em torno de quatro fatores (valores e entendimento, proteção, carreira e engrandecimento social), replicando parcialmente a estrutura fatorial do instrumento original e confirmando a existência de diferenças culturais nas motivações para o voluntariado. Outras implicações teóricas e empíricas são discutidas.

Understanding the reasons why people begin and continue to volunteer can contribute to the recruitment of new volunteers and to the retention of those that already engaged, by bringing the individual goals of potential volunteers closer to the requirements and benefits associated with the existing work opportunities. This study aims to adapt and validate the Volunteers Function Inventory (VFI) for Brazil as well as to correlate the VFI with the reduced version of Schwartz's Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ21). Results confirmed the convergent validity between these two instruments. In addition, the factor structure of the original instrument was partially replicated, with the motivations of the 319 participants grouping around four factors (values and understanding, protection, career, and social enhancement). These results suggest the existence of cultural differences in the motivations for volunteering. Other empirical and theoretical implications are discussed.

Álcool, direção automotiva e o Programa Vida Urgente na visão de jovens voluntários / Vida Urgente Program, alcohol and driving: young volunteers' view

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar as representações sociais dos jovens voluntários do Programa Vida Urgente, do Espírito Santo, acerca do trabalho por eles realizado. Foram realizadas 20 entrevistas com roteiro semiestruturado objetivando conhecer a opinião sobre os efeitos da própria atuação e a visão que possuem do programa. Para tanto foram entrevistados jovens de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 15 e 26 anos, posteriormente divididos em dois grupos com base no critério de tempo de atuação nas ações do Programa: G1 - 06 a 12 meses e G2 - acima de 12 meses. Por meio da análise de conteúdo, verificou-se que a afinidade com a proposta do trabalho voluntário e a valorização do discurso da conscientização são alguns dos motivos para o ingresso no Programa. Os entrevistados informaram ter identificado maior receptividade no público-alvo, o que é percebido por eles como uma mudança positiva no comportamento dos motoristas abordados.

This study's goal is to analyze the social representations of the young volunteers of Vida Urgente Program of Espírito Santo about the work developed by them. 20 interviews were carried out using a semi-structured questionnaire with the objective to know the opinion about the effects of their performance and the vision they possess about the program. For such, 20 participants of both sexes with ages from 15 to 26 years were interviewed, subsequently divided into two groups according to the time of participation in the Program: G1 - 06 to 12 months and G2 - above 12 months. Using content analysis, it was verified that the affinity with the program's proposal of volunteer work and valorization of the speech of awareness are some of the reasons to enter the program. The respondents informed having identified larger receptivity from the target-public, which is perceived by them as a positive change on approached drivers.

Scope and extent of participation of female volunteers in tobacco control activities in Kerala, India.

Background : In India, NGOs play a key role in creating a supportive environment for the control of tobacco consumption. Aims : This study was conducted to assess the scope and the extent to which community-based women organizations are involved in tobacco control activities. To assess the scope and extent of participation in tobacco control activities according to the sociodemographic characteristics and also the extent to which they have participated in tobacco control activities. Settings and Design : The participants were Kudumbasree volunteers from the rural areas of Kannur district of Kerala state, India. This population-based study adopted a cross-sectional design. Materials and Methods : A self-administered, structured, close-ended, pre-tested questionnaire was prepared and used to collect data from 1000 female volunteers who participated in the study. Statistical Analysis : Chi-square test was used to compare nonparametric variables, such as education, marital status, and age with attitude toward tobacco control activities. Results : Age of the participants ranged from 17 to 53 years. The association between education level and positive attitude to participate in tobacco control activities was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.001). A statistically significant association between participation in tobacco control activities and marital status (P < 0.001) was observed. With regard to education and readiness/willingness to participate in tobacco control activities, in all the education groups more than 90% were willing to participate in tobacco control activities. Among the ever married participants, 98% were willing to participate in antitobacco activities. Old age, husband working in a beedi factory, or not being able to make frequent visits were the reasons reported for their unwillingness of the remaining people. Conclusion : Based on the findings, a set of Kudumbasree volunteers were trained in tobacco and health to work in the community.

Reflexiones y sentimientos desde un equipo de voluntarios del Ministerio de Salud y el Colegio Médico de Chile, después del terremoto reciente / Reflections and feelings from a team of volunteers from the Ministry of Health and the Chilean Medical Association, after the recent earthquake

The experience of a group of 9 doctors and 6 nurses, most of them younger than 30years of age, whom were part of the several volunteer groups directed towards the most damaged earthquake regions, is described. The team had to overcome a number of intense personal emotions related with the magnitude of the destruction, especially in the "adobe"-constructed houses and villages, in order to provide useful medical support. Moving out of the hospital setting, reaching out to the community in schools and emergency posts proved to be important in rural communities. An appropriate coordination of the volunteer groups, with the simultaneous action of municipal and state health authorities, together with well-guided leadership, was critical for an effective response in the larger city of Talcahuano /Hualpén. Within the second week of the aftermath, acute respiratory and intestinal infections were the most common medical complaints together with intense -in many cases severe- emotional distress associated mostly with fear to after shakes ("replicas"), tsunami, and social unrest. The severe earthquake that struck Chile has left many lessons for the future that will need to be analyzed seriously and with the conviction that effective and timely prevention of catastrophic aftermath consequences, although costly, must be a key element of the country's development plan. More importantly, the hundreds if not thousands of volunteers from a variety of health related professions that were moved by the scenes of suffering, and whom responded to individual or group initiatives, allow to foresee that the nation has the moral stamina required to overcome the tragedy and become a better society.

Beneficiários do trabalho voluntário: uma leitura a partir da bioética / Beneficiarios del trabajo voluntario: una lectura a partir de la bioética / Beneficiaries of volunteering: a bioethical perspective

OBJETIVO: Descrever a percepção dos voluntários sobre os beneficiários do trabalho voluntário no setor de saúde hospitalar e a influência que o tema dos benefícios exerce sobre as motivações. MÉTODOS: Estudo exploratório com abordagem qualitativa. Participaram 110 voluntários em serviços de saúde referências no tratamento de câncer no Rio de Janeiro (RJ), com coleta de dados de outubro a dezembro de 2001. Os dados foram obtidos por dois instrumentos: um questionário com perfil socioeconômico e sobre motivações para atividade voluntária; e entrevista semi-estruturada para obtenção de dados complementares. RESULTADOS: A visão dos voluntários sobre os beneficiários da atividade voluntária esteve centrada mais freqüentemente no paciente (50,5 por cento), no voluntário (41,9 por cento) e na instituição e sociedade (7,6 por cento). Paciente e voluntário foram considerados simultaneamente beneficiários, sendo o voluntário o que mais recebe benefícios. Foi relatada também uma compreensão do benefício social dessa atividade. CONCLUSÕES: Constatou-se que existe, entre os voluntários, uma noção da importância social do seu trabalho voluntário, faltando uma articulação maior entre motivações individuais e trabalho voluntário como espaço de enfrentamento de problemas sociais.

OBJECTIVE: To describe volunteers' perceptions of the beneficiaries of volunteering within the hospital setting and the influence that the theme of benefits exercises on their motivations. METHODS: This is an exploratory study with a qualitative approach. One hundred and ten volunteers working in health services that are references for the treatment of cancer in Rio de Janeiro (Southeastern Brazil) are the subjects of this study. Data was collected between October and December 2001. Data was obtained by two instruments - a questionnaire which identifies the socioeconomic profile and the motivations for undertaking voluntary activity; and a semi-structured interview that provided complementary information. RESULTS: According to the volunteers' perception, the beneficiaries of voluntary activity were, primarily, the patient, (50.5 percent); secondarily the volunteer him/herself (41.9 percent); and least of all, the institution and the society in which these benefits are obtained (7.6 percent). Both the patient and the volunteer were considered simultaneously beneficiaries, being that the volunteer tends to receive more benefits. A comprehension of the social benefits of this activity was also reported. CONCLUSIONS: A notion of the social importance of their volunteering was verified among the volunteers. However, the study indicates that a larger articulation is lacking between individual motivations and volunteer work as a setting within which social problems may be confronted.

OBJETIVO: Describir la percepción de los voluntarios sobre los beneficiarios del trabajo voluntario en el sector de salud hospitalaria y la influencia que el tema de los beneficios ejerce sobre las motivaciones. MÉTODOS: Se efectuó estudio exploratorio con abordaje cualitativo. Participaron 110 voluntarios en servicios de salud de referencia en el tratamiento de cáncer en la ciudad de Rio de Janeiro (Sureste de Brasil), con colecta de datos de octubre a diciembre de 2001. Los datos fueron obtenidos por dos instrumentos: un cuestionario con perfil socioeconómico y sobre motivaciones para actividad voluntaria; y entrevista semi-estructurada para la obtención de datos complementarios. RESULTADOS: La visión de los voluntarios sobre los beneficiarios de la actividad voluntaria estuvo centrada más frecuentemente en el paciente (50,5 por ciento), en el voluntario (41,9 por ciento) y en la institución y sociedad (7,6 por ciento). Paciente y voluntario fueron considerados simultáneamente beneficiarios, siendo el voluntario el que más recibe beneficios. Fue señalado también una comprensión del beneficio social de esa actividad. CONCLUSIONES: Se constató que existe, entre los voluntarios, una noción de la importancia social de su trabajo voluntario, faltando una articulación mayor entre motivaciones individuales y trabajo voluntario como espacio de enfrentamiento de problemas sociales.

O Voluntariado em questão: a subjetividade permitida / Arguing the volunteerism: the allowed subjectivity / El voluntariado en cuestión: la subjetividad permitidao

Em diversos países, particularmente no Brasil, observa-se um estímulo ao voluntariado como via de democratização do Estado, com o aumento da participação de todos os atores nos graves problemas sociais. considerando as diversas expressões de atuação voluntária no mundo do trabalho, o objetivo do presente artigo é discutir o exercício dessas atividades e de suas lógicas de sustentação a partir dos principais eixos de identificação com a atividade voluntária. Estudos de casos foram realizados em duas empresas com fins lucrativos e em duas organizações não governamentais (ONGs) da cidade de Ribeirão Preto (São Paulo-Brasil). Os dados indicam que o voluntariado, indiretamente, gera valor para o capital e que se deve investir na autonomia das ONGs e na superação de modelos assistencialistas, com ações particularizadas, fortalecendo os empreendimentos coletivos da economia solidária e os movimentos sociais de base. considera-se que o voluntariado seja um modo permitido de construção da subjetividade dentro da lógica do capital.

In many countries, particularly in Brazil, we have observed a stimulus in relation to the volunteer work as a way of the democratization of the State, increasing the participation of all the actors in the serious social problems. Taking into consideration the several faces of the volunteer work, the aim of the present article is to discuss the exercise of these activities and their logical of support through the main axle of identification with the volunteer activity. case studies were carried out in two companies with lucrative ends and in two Non Governmental Organizations. (N.G.Os) in the town of Ribeirão Preto (São Paulo State - Brazil). The data showed up that the volunteer work, indirectly, generates value to capital and that we can invest in the autonomy of the Non Governmental Organizations and in the overcoming of the social services models, with particular actions, strengthening collective enterprising of the supportive economy and base social movements. In this analysis, it was considered that the volunteer work is an allowed way of the construction of the subjectivity within the logical of the capital.

En diversos países, particularmente en Brasil, se observa un estímulo al voluntariado como vía de democratización del Estado, con el aumento de la participación de todos los actores en los graves problemas sociales. considerando las diversas expresiones de actuación voluntaria en el mundo del trabajo, el objetivo del presente artículo es discutir el ejercicio de esas actividades y de sus lógicas de sustentación desde los principales ejes de identificación con la actividad voluntaria. Estudios de casos fueron realizados en dos empresas con fines lucrativos y en dos organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONGs) de la ciudad de Ribeirão Preto (Sao Paulo - Brasil). Los datos indican que el voluntariado, indirectamente, genera valor para el capital y que se debe invertir en la autonomía de las ONGs y en la superación de modelos asistencialistas, con acciones particularizadas, fortaleciendo las iniciativas colectivas de la economía solidaria y los movimientos sociales de base. Se considera que el voluntariado sea un modo permitido de construcción de la subjetividad dentro de la lógica del capital.

Trabalho voluntário em saúde: auto-percepção, estresse e burnout / Volunteer work in health care: self perception, stress and burnout

O voluntariado em saúde vem se expandindo em resposta à diversificação das demandas sociais e em contrapartida às contínuas carências do setor. É fundamental, portanto, conhecer a natureza do trabalho voluntário e suas consequências para o agente prestador de serviço. Assim, a presente pesquisa teve por objetivos descrever a percepção dos voluntários sobre sua atuação e avaliar o grau de estresse e burnout. Foram realizadas entrevistas estruturadas com 39 voluntários seguidas da aplicação do Inventário de Sintomas de Estresse de Lipp e Guevara e o Inventário de Burnout de Maslach. Verificaram-se baixos escores de estresse e burnout. Contudo, oito voluntários apresentaram sitnomas de estresse de natureza psicológica ou somática e quatro revelaram níveis elevados de burnout no que concerne à despersonalização e exaustão emocional. A maioria dos participantes relatou história pessoal vinculada ao adoecimento. Os dados obtidos sugerem a hipótese de que o voluntariado constitui um modo de enfrentamento.

O trabalhador voluntário e seus sentimentos ante a doença e o sofrimento / The voluntary worker and its feelings in face to illness and suffering

O presente estudo é resultado da experiência de uma das ações de estágio profissionalizante em Psicologia Social Comunitária, realizada através de uma pesquisa-intervenção que teve como objetivo o fortalecimento de um grupo de voluntários da região noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul para facilitar o trabalho dos voluntários em seus diversos afazeres. Ao contribuir acolhendo o voluntário sensibilizado, podemos oportunizar momentos de alívio de um sofrimento, até então, não compartilhado. Durante o processo, compreendemos a vontade dos participantes para se fortalecer e aliviar sua dor e, ao mesmo tempo, a resistência às mudanças propostas. Percebemos ainda que os voluntários passam também por fases emocionais que são isomórficas às fases do luto e perda, as quais foram trabalhadas ao longo da intervenção.

The present study results from the experience of one action for professionalizing training period in Communitarian Social Psychology, carried through a research-intervention, that had as objective the strengthening of a group of volunteers in the northwestern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul in order to facilitate their work. While hosting the caring volunteer we could offer moments of relief from a suffering until then unshared. During the process we perceived the will of the participants to strengthen themselves and to relieve their pain and, at the same time, the resistance to the proposed changes. We also perceived that the volunteers went through emotional phases that are isomorphic to the phases of mourning and loss, which had been worked during the intervention.